Key Reading

• Clive Emsley, Crime and Society in England, chapter 10

Secondary Sources

Further reading on transportation may be found here.

• Clare Anderson, 'Convicts, Carcerality and Cape Colony Connections in the 19th Century', Journal of Southern African Studies, 2016
• Clare Anderson, 'Transnational Histories of Penal Transportation : Punishment, Labour and Governance in the British Imperial World, 1788–1939', Journal of Australian Studies, 2016
• Joscelyn Alexander and Clare Anderson (eds), Special issue on 'Politics, Penality and (Post)-Colonialism', Cultural and Social History, 5 (2008)
• J. M. Beattie, Policing and Punishment in London, 1660-1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror, especially chapter 9
• Simon Devereaux, ‘Imposing the Royal Pardon: Execution, Transportation and Convict Resistance in London, 1789’, Law and History Review, 25 (2007).
• Gregory Durston, ‘Magwitch's Forbears: Returning from Transportation in Eighteenth-Century London’, Australian Journal of Legal History, 9 (2005), pp. 137–58.
• Lisa Ford and Andrew Roberts, 'Legal Change, Convict Activism and the Reform of Penal Relocation in Colonial New South Wales : The Port Macquarie Penal Settlement, 1822–26', Australian Historical Studies, 2015
• Lisa Ford and Andrew Roberts, 'New South Wales Penal Settlements and the Transformation of Secondary Punishment in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire', Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 2014
• Philip Harling, 'The Trouble with Convicts : From Transportation to Penal Servitude, 1840–67', Journal of British Studies, 2014
• John Bradley Hirst, Convict Society and its Enemies: A History of Early New South Wales
• R. Hughes, The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia 1787-1868
• Gwenda Morgan and Peter Rushton, Eighteenth-Century Criminal Transportation: The Formation of the Criminal Atlantic
• Cameron Nunn, 'Pure Minds, Pure Bodies, Pure Lips : Religious Ideology and the Juvenile Convict Institutions at Carters' Barracks and Point Puer', Journal of Religious History, 2016
• Deborah Oxley, Convict Maids: The Forced Migration of Women to Australia
• A. G. L. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies: A Study of Penal Transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and Other Parts of the British Empire

Questions

• Why was transportation introduced as a punishment and why was it ended?
• Who were the convicts?
• What was their experience of transportation? Were there gender, ethnicity and class differences?
• What was the reaction in the colonies to the process of transportation?
• What does transportation tell us about British imperialism?